1 00:00:05,739 --> 00:00:06,671 Egypt... 2 00:00:06,740 --> 00:00:08,298 30 BC 3 00:00:08,441 --> 00:00:09,499 The day... 4 00:00:09,576 --> 00:00:10,804 August 12th. 5 00:00:11,511 --> 00:00:16,778 The most dramatic day in history of the ancient civilization of Egypt. 6 00:00:17,317 --> 00:00:20,184 Clepatra VII, from the dynasty of Ptolemy... 7 00:00:20,253 --> 00:00:23,711 queen of upper and lower Egypt, committed suicide... 8 00:00:23,790 --> 00:00:29,160 allowing herself to be stung by a serpent, the symbol of Ancient Egypt. 9 00:00:30,030 --> 00:00:33,761 Through this action, Cleopatra Your life isn't just over... 10 00:00:33,867 --> 00:00:40,295 she also gives away her beloved city, Alexandria, and the entire Egyptian empire... 11 00:00:40,507 --> 00:00:45,843 in the hands of your greatest enemy, the invaders from the north, the Romans. 12 00:00:46,746 --> 00:00:51,911 Thus ends one of the most glorious in the history of civilization. 13 00:01:20,447 --> 00:01:24,110 SECRETS OF ARCHEOLOGY 14 00:01:25,351 --> 00:01:30,118 EGYPT ACCORDING TO CLEPATRA 15 00:01:33,193 --> 00:01:36,890 The city of Alexandria is located in the northern part of Egypt... 16 00:01:36,996 --> 00:01:40,397 where the Nile stretches like a web in its famous delta... 17 00:01:40,633 --> 00:01:45,297 and flows into the Mediterranean Sea, after traveling thousands of kilometers... 18 00:01:45,371 --> 00:01:46,463 through the desert. 19 00:01:48,007 --> 00:01:52,239 Today, Alexandria has the second largest population in Egypt... 20 00:01:52,345 --> 00:01:53,676 after Cairo. 21 00:01:56,182 --> 00:02:00,585 Since it was founded in 332 BC. by Alexander the Great... 22 00:02:00,653 --> 00:02:04,612 it was the capital of Egypt until the death of Cleopatra... 23 00:02:04,858 --> 00:02:07,486 when the kingdom became part of the Roman Empire... 24 00:02:07,560 --> 00:02:10,688 and one of the richest provinces from North Africa. 25 00:02:15,068 --> 00:02:19,334 The rapid urbanization of Alexandria made it difficult to find treasures... 26 00:02:19,405 --> 00:02:22,602 in the center of the old city where the ruins remain buried... 27 00:02:22,675 --> 00:02:25,109 under the streets and buildings of the city. 28 00:02:25,712 --> 00:02:30,649 The situation is quite different in religious centers of Karnak and Luxor... 29 00:02:30,884 --> 00:02:33,011 and in the ancient city of Thebes... 30 00:02:33,186 --> 00:02:36,053 where the streets, buildings and huge monuments... 31 00:02:36,156 --> 00:02:39,819 they still allow us to imagine its original splendor. 32 00:02:41,461 --> 00:02:43,793 The Alexandria of times by Cleopatra... 33 00:02:43,863 --> 00:02:47,390 the wonderful city that the queen loved more than any others... 34 00:02:47,534 --> 00:02:50,230 was lost forever. 35 00:02:50,970 --> 00:02:53,131 However, if we look carefully... 36 00:02:53,239 --> 00:02:56,731 we can still imagine how Cleopatra lived... 37 00:02:56,809 --> 00:03:00,370 and why Alexandria it was such a powerful capital. 38 00:03:08,688 --> 00:03:11,748 Clepatra was the last descendant of the great pharaohs... 39 00:03:11,858 --> 00:03:14,224 and a very educated woman. 40 00:03:14,827 --> 00:03:17,261 Your great cunning and romantic connections... 41 00:03:17,330 --> 00:03:20,697 with the Roman generals J�lio C�sar and Marco Ant�nio... 42 00:03:20,767 --> 00:03:23,634 allowed him to protect this magnificent city... 43 00:03:23,736 --> 00:03:26,500 and keep Alexandria intact. 44 00:03:27,006 --> 00:03:31,602 For more than 2,000 years Alexandria was the largest city in Egypt. 45 00:03:32,045 --> 00:03:36,072 Its great port and the way it was planned by Alexander the Great... 46 00:03:36,182 --> 00:03:38,377 allowed him grow quickly. 47 00:03:39,552 --> 00:03:42,487 When Cleopatra took power in 51 a. C... 48 00:03:42,555 --> 00:03:46,082 it was the commercial and political center of the Egyptian empire. 49 00:03:46,826 --> 00:03:50,694 We can imagine Cleopatra looking affectionately to your city... 50 00:03:50,964 --> 00:03:55,594 perhaps from a portico of the magnificent lighthouse on the island of Faros. 51 00:03:56,336 --> 00:04:00,432 The lighthouse stones now are found lying in the sea... 52 00:04:01,140 --> 00:04:06,601 but when it was built in 280 BC, the Pharos lighthouse, in Alexandria... 53 00:04:06,713 --> 00:04:09,682 was one of the seven wonders of the world. 54 00:04:14,387 --> 00:04:15,820 From its high balcony... 55 00:04:15,888 --> 00:04:19,255 Clepatra could supervise his kingdom wide, in all directions... 56 00:04:19,325 --> 00:04:21,555 up to one hundred kilometers away. 57 00:04:23,129 --> 00:04:27,793 Of the seven wonders of the world, i.e. the Hanging Gardens of Babylon... 58 00:04:28,268 --> 00:04:30,498 the Temple of Zeus at Olympia... 59 00:04:31,971 --> 00:04:34,269 the Lighthouse of Alexandria... 60 00:04:36,342 --> 00:04:38,207 the Colossus of Rhodes... 61 00:04:41,914 --> 00:04:44,348 the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus... 62 00:04:46,085 --> 00:04:48,383 the Temple of Artemis in Phesus... 63 00:04:49,255 --> 00:04:51,120 and the Pyramids of Giza... 64 00:04:53,159 --> 00:04:56,822 just the pyramids are still standing today. 65 00:05:01,534 --> 00:05:04,992 The few remains from the Alexandria lighthouse... 66 00:05:05,071 --> 00:05:08,097 were incorporated in a fortress in the harbor. 67 00:05:08,775 --> 00:05:12,734 The lighthouse was built by the architect S�stratum of Cnidus... 68 00:05:12,912 --> 00:05:15,346 in the middle of the 3rd century BC. C... 69 00:05:15,782 --> 00:05:19,411 and during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus... 70 00:05:19,719 --> 00:05:22,051 one of Cleopatra's ancestors. 71 00:05:23,890 --> 00:05:26,415 Numerous earthquakes damaged the headlight... 72 00:05:26,492 --> 00:05:28,483 until in 1480... 73 00:05:28,594 --> 00:05:30,289 Sultan Qait Bay... 74 00:05:30,530 --> 00:05:34,694 built the fortress using the remains of the lighthouse. 75 00:05:34,967 --> 00:05:38,095 Some granite columns are still visible at the main door... 76 00:05:38,171 --> 00:05:41,538 and on the walls that penetrate the sea. 77 00:05:42,875 --> 00:05:47,437 The lighthouse, along with the other five wonders of the world... 78 00:05:47,513 --> 00:05:49,242 is shrouded in mystery. 79 00:05:49,816 --> 00:05:53,411 What was he really like? How big was it? 80 00:05:53,853 --> 00:05:56,447 considering that Egypt there was so little wood... 81 00:05:56,522 --> 00:06:00,549 what material did they use to keep the great lighthouse burning? 82 00:06:01,127 --> 00:06:05,359 there are some drawings and descriptions of travelers who visited the lighthouse... 83 00:06:05,431 --> 00:06:08,867 before he was destroyed, but they are very confusing. 84 00:06:14,207 --> 00:06:17,699 What exists, however, although it was never made public... 85 00:06:17,777 --> 00:06:21,736 It is a scaled copy of the lighthouse in perfect condition... 86 00:06:21,848 --> 00:06:24,715 made in the same period of the lighthouse itself. 87 00:06:26,519 --> 00:06:29,352 Stay here, in a location called Abu Sir... 88 00:06:29,422 --> 00:06:32,858 a village nearby 40km from Alexandria. 89 00:06:35,628 --> 00:06:40,065 The archaeological remains of ancient city of Taposiris Magna... 90 00:06:40,199 --> 00:06:44,067 a prosperous North African city while Cleopatra was alive... 91 00:06:44,170 --> 00:06:45,569 surround the village. 92 00:06:47,340 --> 00:06:50,309 This lighthouse, with little else 15m high... 93 00:06:50,376 --> 00:06:56,508 it does not have the majesty of Pharos, but it gives us an idea of what it should be like. 94 00:06:56,749 --> 00:06:59,343 The large lighthouse had three floors tall... 95 00:06:59,419 --> 00:07:01,478 being that the first floor it was a square... 96 00:07:01,554 --> 00:07:05,149 the second was octagonal and the third, circular. 97 00:07:05,258 --> 00:07:08,056 Maybe it wasn't the only one built like this. 98 00:07:08,161 --> 00:07:14,157 The coast between Alexandria and Taposiris I could have several headlights like this. 99 00:07:16,969 --> 00:07:19,233 If we design this model of architecture... 100 00:07:19,305 --> 00:07:21,273 about the old fortress in Alexandria... 101 00:07:21,441 --> 00:07:23,909 we can see what it would be like the great lighthouse. 102 00:07:26,145 --> 00:07:27,976 It is a three-story structure... 103 00:07:28,047 --> 00:07:31,949 surrounded at the base by small temples and a delimited area. 104 00:07:34,720 --> 00:07:38,156 The projected light could be seen tens of kilometers away... 105 00:07:38,257 --> 00:07:42,250 and, to this day, we still question how was that possible. 106 00:07:43,196 --> 00:07:47,895 They should use reflective mirrors, but the fuel must have been wood... 107 00:07:47,967 --> 00:07:49,628 which was difficult to find in the region... 108 00:07:49,702 --> 00:07:52,262 or mixed straw with animal manure... 109 00:07:52,371 --> 00:07:56,000 a compound that emitted great heat, but little light. 110 00:07:56,642 --> 00:08:00,043 Archaeologists recently concluded that the delimited area... 111 00:08:00,112 --> 00:08:02,171 served to store flammable material... 112 00:08:02,248 --> 00:08:06,207 perhaps oil, which was already used in those days. 113 00:08:07,820 --> 00:08:12,018 For Cleopatra, who could want looking at a sailboat on the horizon... 114 00:08:12,091 --> 00:08:15,686 bringing messages from Rome, the building was perfect. 115 00:08:16,262 --> 00:08:21,256 It was 150m tall, a record for a monument of the ancient world. 116 00:08:26,172 --> 00:08:27,935 The story of recent years from Egypt... 117 00:08:28,007 --> 00:08:31,101 is closely linked It's the life of your great queen. 118 00:08:31,511 --> 00:08:34,776 Clepatra descended of the Ptolemaic dynasty... 119 00:08:34,881 --> 00:08:40,513 founded by Ptolemy I Soter, a general Macedonian under Alexander the Great. 120 00:08:40,720 --> 00:08:43,518 There is a debate about your appearance. 121 00:08:43,756 --> 00:08:47,055 She is portrayed on some coins, perhaps inaccurately... 122 00:08:47,126 --> 00:08:50,323 with a protruding chin and a prominent nose. 123 00:08:51,163 --> 00:08:54,599 However, she must certainly have been charming and charismatic... 124 00:08:54,901 --> 00:08:57,461 and we know that she was determined, obstinate... 125 00:08:57,537 --> 00:09:00,563 and, without a doubt, a shrewd policy. 126 00:09:02,508 --> 00:09:06,376 At the beginning of his reign, when she was just 15... 127 00:09:06,479 --> 00:09:10,040 Clepatra embarked on a trip to the Nile... 128 00:09:10,216 --> 00:09:13,014 officially by religious reasons. 129 00:09:13,152 --> 00:09:17,555 As you will, your presence was requested in a place called Armant... 130 00:09:17,623 --> 00:09:21,354 south of Thebes, to participate in a ceremony. 131 00:09:26,098 --> 00:09:28,191 It could have been on this trip that Cleopatra... 132 00:09:28,267 --> 00:09:32,363 saw it for the first time the pyramids of Giza, near Cairo. 133 00:09:32,939 --> 00:09:35,874 She was probably impressed like us nowadays... 134 00:09:35,942 --> 00:09:38,911 when you see these monuments huge and beautiful. 135 00:09:39,946 --> 00:09:45,384 Structures built more than 2000 years before Cleopatra was born. 136 00:09:47,386 --> 00:09:50,913 The Pharaohs before her had built the pyramids as tombs... 137 00:09:50,990 --> 00:09:55,552 for you and your families, and as temples of worship. 138 00:09:56,729 --> 00:09:59,698 Clepatra always traveled within your kingdom. 139 00:10:00,132 --> 00:10:02,794 In addition to its normal functions as sovereign... 140 00:10:02,868 --> 00:10:06,235 she wanted to make sure that his dynasty maintained the legacy... 141 00:10:06,305 --> 00:10:09,103 started by the pharaohs that preceded it. 142 00:10:09,642 --> 00:10:12,770 She must have sailed to the Nile to the city of Dendera... 143 00:10:13,045 --> 00:10:14,706 on the left bank of the river... 144 00:10:14,914 --> 00:10:18,475 because the greatest development in the city and the temple of Denderah... 145 00:10:18,551 --> 00:10:23,579 dating from the time of Cleopatra, the last period of the Ptolemaic dynasty. 146 00:10:24,790 --> 00:10:27,281 And these are examples of remarkable architecture... 147 00:10:27,360 --> 00:10:29,726 carried out during the reign of Cleopatra. 148 00:10:30,630 --> 00:10:34,999 Burned by the sun and wind, and swallowed by the desert sand... 149 00:10:35,067 --> 00:10:39,333 almost nothing remains of the old city of Dendera, today. 150 00:10:40,106 --> 00:10:44,133 Except for an imposing structure which is still standing... 151 00:10:44,410 --> 00:10:49,677 the enclosed sanctuary with a temple dedicated to the goddess Hathor. 152 00:10:49,815 --> 00:10:54,616 Hathor, wife of Horus and mother of lhi, god of music... 153 00:10:54,687 --> 00:10:57,383 she was the Egyptian goddess of love... 154 00:10:57,456 --> 00:11:00,584 and was generally represented with human features. 155 00:11:00,660 --> 00:11:04,061 Horus was the son of Isis, the mother goddess of Egypt... 156 00:11:04,130 --> 00:11:08,328 and Osiris, god of the underworld and judge of the dead. 157 00:11:08,567 --> 00:11:12,697 The personal implications linked It is the worship of these powerful gods... 158 00:11:12,772 --> 00:11:14,205 they certainly were the main reason... 159 00:11:14,273 --> 00:11:17,299 by which Cleopatra was interested in the sanctuary. 160 00:11:18,544 --> 00:11:21,672 These implications are still legible in stone... 161 00:11:21,747 --> 00:11:25,979 e is one of the most interesting riddles from the history of Ancient Egypt. 162 00:11:27,019 --> 00:11:30,386 In ancient times, Dendera was called Tantere... 163 00:11:30,656 --> 00:11:35,059 but under the Ptolemaic dynasty it was known as Tentyris, its Greek name. 164 00:11:36,028 --> 00:11:38,724 Clepatra would have been familiar with both names... 165 00:11:38,798 --> 00:11:42,825 because, according to ancient sources, she spoke seven languages. 166 00:11:44,070 --> 00:11:47,062 To this day, the sanctuary appears a real city... 167 00:11:47,139 --> 00:11:52,441 surrounded by powerful walls, measuring 330m long on both sides. 168 00:11:53,846 --> 00:11:56,246 The main gate, obviously, added later... 169 00:11:56,315 --> 00:12:00,217 dates back to the time of the Roman emperors Domitian and Trajan... 170 00:12:00,352 --> 00:12:04,482 who governed the region 200 years after Cleopatra's death. 171 00:12:07,727 --> 00:12:11,857 Through the portal, we can see the front of the gigantic temple of Hathor. 172 00:12:12,665 --> 00:12:17,728 When you walked through the front portal and looked up at the sky... 173 00:12:17,803 --> 00:12:21,068 Clepatra would have seen the benevolent rays of the sun... 174 00:12:21,474 --> 00:12:23,738 shown as giant wings. 175 00:12:30,616 --> 00:12:33,813 Inside there is a description of one of the countless images... 176 00:12:33,886 --> 00:12:37,583 symbolizing motherhood, which are scattered throughout the temple. 177 00:12:37,857 --> 00:12:42,556 Illustrates the goddess Isis, seated, breastfeeding little Horus... 178 00:12:42,661 --> 00:12:44,652 Hathhor's future husband. 179 00:12:47,533 --> 00:12:51,594 Along the temple wall, we can see Hathor breastfeeding her... 180 00:12:51,670 --> 00:12:54,639 in the presence of a pharaoh paying homage to them. 181 00:13:00,412 --> 00:13:03,643 Many temples from this period had courtyards with columns... 182 00:13:03,716 --> 00:13:05,206 that took them to its interior. 183 00:13:05,484 --> 00:13:09,147 However, the temple of Dendera They didn't have a courtyard with columns... 184 00:13:09,221 --> 00:13:11,815 so that the front of the construction was more imposing. 185 00:13:12,158 --> 00:13:14,956 The six gigantic columns of the building itself... 186 00:13:15,027 --> 00:13:17,359 are linked to the background through a wall... 187 00:13:17,630 --> 00:13:21,862 with a robust cornice forming the entrance to the vestibule. 188 00:13:26,338 --> 00:13:31,503 Entering the temple was considered an initiation and a spiritual journey. 189 00:13:32,511 --> 00:13:36,845 Cleopatra, the only non-priest whose entry was permitted... 190 00:13:36,916 --> 00:13:40,010 I would walk for a series of rooms... 191 00:13:40,085 --> 00:13:43,418 where the natural light would decrease more and more... 192 00:13:43,722 --> 00:13:47,317 until she arrived at the location holiest of the sanctuary... 193 00:13:47,426 --> 00:13:50,589 the cell, where the statue of the goddess had been placed. 194 00:13:51,263 --> 00:13:55,063 Then the light would take over an almost mystical glow... 195 00:13:55,201 --> 00:13:58,102 a reflection of the presence metaphysics of the gods. 196 00:13:59,138 --> 00:14:02,904 A series of staircases it connected the temple to the terrace above. 197 00:14:03,776 --> 00:14:07,234 This is where the statues to worship the goddess Hathor... 198 00:14:07,313 --> 00:14:10,441 they were brought in a solemn procession, once a year... 199 00:14:10,616 --> 00:14:14,347 so they could come together to the rays of Ra, the sun god. 200 00:14:16,989 --> 00:14:20,425 From the terrace, we can see the various buildings in the sanctuary. 201 00:14:20,759 --> 00:14:23,922 This is the sanatorium, which functioned as a hospital... 202 00:14:23,996 --> 00:14:28,126 with many small rooms, where the sick awaited the visit of the goddess... 203 00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:30,498 with the cure for your ills. 204 00:14:36,442 --> 00:14:39,411 This well-preserved construction dates back to the period... 205 00:14:39,478 --> 00:14:42,379 in which Egypt was already a Roman province. 206 00:14:43,115 --> 00:14:45,811 It's Trajan's "Mammisi." 207 00:14:46,285 --> 00:14:49,186 The "mammisi" is a construction very common in Egypt... 208 00:14:49,255 --> 00:14:51,815 a sacred place, where the rites were performed... 209 00:14:51,891 --> 00:14:54,985 and was linked to birth of the son of the sacred couple... 210 00:14:55,060 --> 00:14:57,290 who was adored in the main temple. 211 00:14:57,897 --> 00:15:02,266 The "mammisi" in Dendera It is dedicated to him, son of Hathor. 212 00:15:02,568 --> 00:15:06,265 This relief depicts his birth, breastfeeding and growth. 213 00:15:13,279 --> 00:15:16,476 Standing out from those who are worshiping the sacred child... 214 00:15:16,548 --> 00:15:19,210 this figure is found, dressed like a pharaoh... 215 00:15:19,285 --> 00:15:21,617 that we found in the main temple. 216 00:15:21,854 --> 00:15:23,515 But he is not Egyptian. 217 00:15:23,789 --> 00:15:28,817 Hieroglyphic texts identify you like Nero, the Roman emperor! 218 00:15:32,498 --> 00:15:37,265 These figures in the Boat of Life are the emperors Augustus, Tibério... 219 00:15:37,336 --> 00:15:39,270 Calgula, Claudius... 220 00:15:39,371 --> 00:15:40,531 and Nero. 221 00:15:44,310 --> 00:15:47,643 On the south side of the temple, shaped like lion heads... 222 00:15:47,713 --> 00:15:51,114 gargoyles are found, which in addition to being decorative... 223 00:15:51,183 --> 00:15:54,243 carry rainwater out of the building. 224 00:15:57,289 --> 00:16:01,783 The figures carved into the wall below describe a whole scenario... 225 00:16:01,927 --> 00:16:04,691 this time instigated by Cleopatra. 226 00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:11,501 The gigantic bas-relief represents Cleopatra... 227 00:16:11,570 --> 00:16:16,405 introducing his son Cesário, that he had with Julius Caesar... 228 00:16:16,542 --> 00:16:21,002 goddess Isis, who is preceded by his son Horus... 229 00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:23,048 represented as a child. 230 00:16:23,449 --> 00:16:27,783 What Cleopatra was trying to communicate with this original relief? 231 00:16:29,121 --> 00:16:30,850 According to a recent study... 232 00:16:30,923 --> 00:16:34,290 the similarity of the position of Cleopatra and Cesario... 233 00:16:34,360 --> 00:16:36,487 with the position of the two gods... 234 00:16:36,562 --> 00:16:40,089 It's a mirror image of Isis and Horus. 235 00:16:40,532 --> 00:16:41,965 But that's not all. 236 00:16:42,134 --> 00:16:45,968 Osaris, husband of Isis, who was killed by his enemies... 237 00:16:46,105 --> 00:16:48,403 not pictured in the bas-relief... 238 00:16:48,607 --> 00:16:52,976 nor Caesar, who was murdered by Brutus and the senators. 239 00:16:53,212 --> 00:16:56,409 With this evident similarity with the powerful goddess... 240 00:16:56,482 --> 00:17:00,418 the great queen wished be considered the new Isis. 241 00:17:01,687 --> 00:17:04,918 And, like a goddess, she reminded us of the Romans... 242 00:17:04,990 --> 00:17:08,084 de was the only legitimate sovereign from Egypt! 243 00:17:09,928 --> 00:17:12,761 Another great sanctuary from the Ptolemaic period... 244 00:17:12,831 --> 00:17:16,267 which Cleopatra must have visited on one of his trips to the south... 245 00:17:16,335 --> 00:17:19,463 is the temple dedicated to Isis, in Philae. 246 00:17:19,938 --> 00:17:21,565 Due to its great beauty... 247 00:17:21,640 --> 00:17:24,837 the island of Philae was called of "pearl of the east"... 248 00:17:24,910 --> 00:17:26,844 by travelers, in ancient times... 249 00:17:27,112 --> 00:17:30,707 and has been a favorite among artists and painters throughout history. 250 00:17:32,284 --> 00:17:36,186 The monumental complex of rare beauty almost disappeared... 251 00:17:36,255 --> 00:17:38,985 when it was being swallowed by Lake Nasser. 252 00:17:39,858 --> 00:17:44,124 In 1968, UNESCO and the Egyptian Ministry of Culture... 253 00:17:44,196 --> 00:17:47,063 asked for help � international community... 254 00:17:49,234 --> 00:17:53,102 and an Italian company, led by architect Giovanni loppolo... 255 00:17:53,172 --> 00:17:55,868 was called to rescue meticulously... 256 00:17:55,941 --> 00:17:57,875 this architectural beauty. 257 00:17:58,377 --> 00:18:03,371 He removed the entire complex and reassembled it on the island of Agilkia... 258 00:18:03,449 --> 00:18:06,816 about 330m from its original location. 259 00:18:07,186 --> 00:18:10,519 is where the sanctuary it still remains today. 260 00:18:11,590 --> 00:18:14,286 It took almost 7 years to complete the work... 261 00:18:14,359 --> 00:18:18,261 evaluation, withdrawal, transport, catering... 262 00:18:18,330 --> 00:18:24,269 and assembly of millions of stone blocks that made up the original sanctuary. 263 00:18:29,308 --> 00:18:32,641 The temple, which was erected in its current form, by the Ptolemies... 264 00:18:32,711 --> 00:18:35,475 in the first half from the 3rd century BC. C... 265 00:18:35,714 --> 00:18:38,911 is dedicated to Isis, as creator of life. 266 00:18:40,752 --> 00:18:43,482 She is portrayed in numerous bas-reliefs... 267 00:18:43,555 --> 00:18:46,991 like the goddess who brought husband Os�ris back to life... 268 00:18:47,059 --> 00:18:49,994 after he was murdered by brother Seth. 269 00:18:52,164 --> 00:18:56,328 Pilgrims traveled to the temple from all over Africa and beyond. 270 00:18:56,568 --> 00:18:59,628 Even the Roman emperors They were devotees of the goddess. 271 00:19:00,405 --> 00:19:05,502 Proof of this is the elegant pavilion that Emperor Trajan ordered it to be built. 272 00:19:05,978 --> 00:19:09,709 Despite its monumental appearance, it was an airy structure... 273 00:19:09,781 --> 00:19:13,012 big enough for processions to enter. 274 00:19:19,725 --> 00:19:24,424 The sanctuary of Philae was the last center of ancient Egyptian religion. 275 00:19:24,763 --> 00:19:29,325 In the Christian era, when several churches were built next to the temple... 276 00:19:29,401 --> 00:19:32,097 using pagan monuments of the sanctuary... 277 00:19:32,171 --> 00:19:36,005 the temple continued to be considered the house of the goddess Isis... 278 00:19:36,074 --> 00:19:37,666 the great mother of Egypt. 279 00:19:40,179 --> 00:19:43,546 The goddess did not seem strange for Christians. 280 00:19:44,883 --> 00:19:47,443 The representation of Isis breastfeeding Horus... 281 00:19:47,519 --> 00:19:50,488 is the precursor of Madonna and the baby Jesus. 282 00:19:51,957 --> 00:19:54,824 Furthermore, the greeting to the god Amun... 283 00:19:54,893 --> 00:19:57,589 who was adored to a lesser extent in Filae... 284 00:19:57,663 --> 00:20:02,225 became the famous "Am�m", the Hebrew and Christian greeting. 285 00:20:05,871 --> 00:20:08,237 The splendid sanctuary in Dendera... 286 00:20:08,307 --> 00:20:11,902 and the incredibly beautiful and spiritual in Philae... 287 00:20:12,110 --> 00:20:15,375 they were places beloved by Cleopatra... 288 00:20:15,447 --> 00:20:16,675 until the end. 289 00:20:19,318 --> 00:20:21,684 According to religious belief Egyptian... 290 00:20:21,753 --> 00:20:26,156 when he died after being bitten by a snake, a creature sacred to Isis... 291 00:20:26,225 --> 00:20:29,092 she guaranteed eternal life. 292 00:20:34,633 --> 00:20:37,693 When Cleopatra went to Rome in 47 a. C... 293 00:20:37,769 --> 00:20:40,397 with the son he had had with J�lio C�sar... 294 00:20:40,505 --> 00:20:43,065 the magical civilization that she represented... 295 00:20:43,141 --> 00:20:45,939 followed her to the new capital of the world. 296 00:20:46,478 --> 00:20:50,471 Rome was mesmerized by the tempting queen and her culture... 297 00:20:50,582 --> 00:20:54,848 and began to build Egyptian monuments in the city itself. 298 00:20:59,124 --> 00:21:03,527 Built by Caio Cestio, who died in 12 a. C... 299 00:21:03,695 --> 00:21:07,096 the pyramid is fully covered white Carrara marble... 300 00:21:07,165 --> 00:21:11,602 and it was built in record time: just under 300 days. 301 00:21:12,738 --> 00:21:15,798 Clepatra would have loved the irony of their conquerors... 302 00:21:15,874 --> 00:21:18,240 copying the treasures of your country. 303 00:21:22,180 --> 00:21:24,944 The obelisks were the first great works... 304 00:21:25,017 --> 00:21:28,111 that Egyptian civilization took him to Rome. 305 00:21:28,253 --> 00:21:30,687 Although some Greeks and Romans make fun of them... 306 00:21:30,756 --> 00:21:33,691 the Greeks called of "obeliskoi"or skewers... 307 00:21:33,759 --> 00:21:36,887 while the Romans They called them Cleopatra's needles. 308 00:21:36,995 --> 00:21:40,226 The obelisks were placed in front of temples and monuments... 309 00:21:40,299 --> 00:21:42,392 linked to sun worship... 310 00:21:42,567 --> 00:21:45,400 and were generally covered of hieroglyphs. 311 00:21:49,508 --> 00:21:52,909 One of the many mysteries surrounding Egyptian civilization... 312 00:21:52,978 --> 00:21:55,811 it was the way these gigantic columns were built... 313 00:21:55,881 --> 00:21:59,476 and taken to Rome, considering that they are monoliths... 314 00:21:59,551 --> 00:22:02,850 which means they are carved in a single block of stone. 315 00:22:03,555 --> 00:22:07,013 These are some of the largest obelisks Egyptians in Rome... 316 00:22:07,092 --> 00:22:09,788 the city that owns the largest number of them. 317 00:22:10,595 --> 00:22:15,259 This obelisk is located in Piazza San Giovanni, in Laterano. 318 00:22:15,967 --> 00:22:19,232 Originally from Thebes, it is made of red granite... 319 00:22:19,304 --> 00:22:21,602 e is the tallest obelisk in Rome. 320 00:22:22,107 --> 00:22:26,635 Emperor Constantine transferred him to Rome in 357 AD 321 00:22:26,978 --> 00:22:32,575 The obelisk in Piazza del Popolo was erected by the great pharaoh Ramses II. 322 00:22:33,151 --> 00:22:35,244 Originally he was in Heli�polis... 323 00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:38,983 but Emperor Augustus transferred him to Rome in 10 BC. C... 324 00:22:39,091 --> 00:22:42,686 to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of Cleopatra's defeat. 325 00:22:44,996 --> 00:22:47,590 Over the years, Rome collected statues... 326 00:22:47,666 --> 00:22:50,829 bas-reliefs and precious objects from Egypt. 327 00:22:53,672 --> 00:22:57,506 The Capitol's museums house many statues of Egyptian gods... 328 00:22:57,576 --> 00:23:00,704 and sphinxes, like this one, in red granite from Assu�... 329 00:23:00,779 --> 00:23:03,009 dating back to that time of Cleopatra. 330 00:23:05,384 --> 00:23:09,821 It was found in 1856 in Via Sant'lgnazio, in Rome... 331 00:23:09,988 --> 00:23:11,387 a street in the city center... 332 00:23:11,456 --> 00:23:14,857 where much evidence of Egyptian sculptures have been found. 333 00:23:15,594 --> 00:23:16,891 But that's not all. 334 00:23:17,129 --> 00:23:21,259 A series of excavations confirm the presence of an Egyptian temple... 335 00:23:21,333 --> 00:23:26,293 in the heart of Rome, a possibility that once seemed unbelievable. 336 00:23:27,072 --> 00:23:30,303 Here, in the area of the old Field of Mars... 337 00:23:30,375 --> 00:23:35,176 there was a great temple which was dedicated to Sis and Serpis... 338 00:23:35,447 --> 00:23:39,611 an invented Egyptian god by one of Cleopatra's ancestors. 339 00:23:40,952 --> 00:23:43,011 The monument was totally lost... 340 00:23:43,088 --> 00:23:46,421 but it looked a lot like the others famous Egyptian temples... 341 00:23:46,491 --> 00:23:49,187 of Philae and Dendera. 342 00:23:49,995 --> 00:23:52,657 The Romans were not the only ones who came here... 343 00:23:52,731 --> 00:23:54,756 the Egyptians did it too. 344 00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:58,766 Your community, the largest group of foreigners living in Rome... 345 00:23:58,837 --> 00:24:02,568 found in the current neighborhood from Trastevere. 346 00:24:04,643 --> 00:24:06,941 Clepatra probably never imagined... 347 00:24:07,012 --> 00:24:09,310 which would have so much influence about the Romans. 348 00:24:09,815 --> 00:24:14,445 Passion, interest and enthusiasm for all things Egyptian... 349 00:24:14,519 --> 00:24:17,488 which involved Europeans over the centuries... 350 00:24:17,556 --> 00:24:21,287 they are the legacy of this queen educated and refined... 351 00:24:21,593 --> 00:24:24,357 shrewd politician and loving mother... 352 00:24:24,496 --> 00:24:27,761 who never stopped worrying with the needs of its people. 353 00:24:29,801 --> 00:24:32,702 After the dark shadow cast about your personality... 354 00:24:32,771 --> 00:24:34,466 for the Roman victors... 355 00:24:34,539 --> 00:24:37,599 the image of Cleopatra now takes over a brighter light... 356 00:24:38,443 --> 00:24:40,911 although there is still a discussion among scholars... 357 00:24:40,979 --> 00:24:42,844 as for your appearance. 358 00:24:43,815 --> 00:24:46,249 According to some writers, She was beautiful... 359 00:24:46,318 --> 00:24:47,876 and, for others, no. 360 00:24:48,587 --> 00:24:52,045 The few Egyptian portraits that are left, like that of Dendera... 361 00:24:52,123 --> 00:24:53,317 they are inaccurate... 362 00:24:53,458 --> 00:24:58,361 and there are so many portraits, busts and statues supposedly hers... 363 00:24:58,430 --> 00:25:01,422 that's hard to know what is your true image. 364 00:25:02,133 --> 00:25:05,762 Perhaps it would remain another unsolved mystery... 365 00:25:05,837 --> 00:25:09,204 if it weren't for the art historian Paulo Moreno. 366 00:25:09,741 --> 00:25:14,041 He believed that the Esquiline Venuses of the Capitol's museums... 367 00:25:14,112 --> 00:25:18,640 they were, in reality, a complete portrait of Cleopatra... 368 00:25:18,783 --> 00:25:21,377 made while she lived in Rome. 369 00:25:21,486 --> 00:25:24,421 Many scholars now share this belief. 370 00:25:24,656 --> 00:25:27,022 See your portrait in this statue... 371 00:25:27,092 --> 00:25:30,186 � how to bring the great queen back to life. 372 00:25:31,162 --> 00:25:33,630 Cle�patra would have loved that... 373 00:25:33,765 --> 00:25:36,097 because one of his strong beliefs was the saying... 374 00:25:36,167 --> 00:25:39,568 "Keep your face � keep your soul." 375 00:25:40,405 --> 00:25:44,842 In many hearts, the face and soul of Cleopatra... 376 00:25:45,043 --> 00:25:46,408 live forever. 377 00:25:48,547 --> 00:25:50,447 EGYPT ACCORDING TO CLEPATRA